Age, Disease Severity and Ethnicity Influence Humoral Responses in a Multi-Ethnic COVID-19 Cohort
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all individuals across the globe in some way. Despite large numbers of reported seroprevalence studies, there remains a limited understanding of how the magnitude and epitope utilization of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 viral anti-gens varies within populations following natural infection. Here, we designed a quantitative, multi-epitope protein microarray comprising various nucleocapsid protein structural motifs, including two structural domains and three intrinsically disordered regions. Quantitative data from the microarray provided complete differentiation between cases and pre-pandemic controls (100% sensitivity and specificity) in a case-control cohort (n = 100). We then assessed the influence of disease severity, age, and ethnicity on the strength and breadth of the humoral response in a multi-ethnic cohort (n = 138). As expected, patients with severe disease showed significantly higher antibody titers and interestingly also had significantly broader epitope coverage. A significant increase in antibody titer and epitope coverage was observed with increasing age, in both mild and severe disease, which is promising for vaccine efficacy in older individuals. Additionally, we observed significant differences in the breadth and strength of the humoral immune response in relation to ethnicity, which may reflect differences in genetic and lifestyle factors. Furthermore, our data enabled localization of the immuno-dominant epitope to the C-terminal structural domain of the viral nucleocapsid protein in two independent cohorts. Overall, we have designed, validated, and tested an advanced serological assay that enables accurate quantitation of the humoral response post natural infection and that has revealed unexpected differences in the magnitude and epitope utilization within a population.
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基因水平：PCR Array、RT-PCR、PCR、单细胞测序
蛋白水平：MSD、Luminex、CBA、Elispot、Antibody Array、ELISA、Sengenics
细胞水平：细胞染色、细胞分选、细胞培养、细胞功能
组织水平：空间多组学、多重荧光免疫组化、免疫组化、免疫荧光
数据分析：流式数据分析、组化数据分析、多因子数据分析
基因水平：PCR Array、RT-PCR、PCR、单细胞测序
蛋白水平：MSD、Luminex、CBA、Elispot、Antibody Array、ELISA、Sengenics
细胞水平：细胞染色、细胞分选、细胞培养、细胞功能
组织水平：空间多组学、多重荧光免疫组化、免疫组化、免疫荧光
数据分析：流式数据分析、组化数据分析、多因子数据分析
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